decision of the chapter to preserve a Finnish sauna at the Chisholm mining museum.

Of historical interest locally is the fact that Chisholm was first host to a midsummer festival of the Finns of Northern Minnesota in 1912. At that time, however, political feelings among the Finns had already risen to such a pitch that the socialists held a festival of their own that same day, also in Chisholm, but attendance at both festivals was good. Twenty years later Chisholm was again host for the midsummer festival, and in 1951 for the third time, at a period when there were still 347 Finnish-born persons residing in Chisholm, together with a large number of their descendants.

Finnish Business and Professional Men: The earliest Finnish businessmen in Chisholm were grocers. The first of them was Helmer Hendrickson (1901-06), followed by Edward Ahonen (1905-18) and Hjalmar Hermanson (1905). Isack Aho and Andrew Nisula went into business in 1906, and Andrew Leskinen in 1908. Still later came William Jussila, Arthur Latick, William Lukkarila, and Yrjö Vinquist. Of these, Ahonen expanded his store to include a meat department, a field in which Matt Latick had been first and followed closely by Alex Koivunen (both in 1902.) Not much later, Ahonen expanded still further, to include a bakery, although there were several other Finnish bakers on the scene, including Peter Wall, started in 1906, Kusti Poutiainen, 1906-42, John Hendrickson, from 1907, Sam Luoma, P. Wäyrynen, Charles Paavola and Joseph Luoto. In 1917 Ahonen sold his bakery to Poutiainen. W. Elo opened a candy store in 1901; he sold it in 1903 to Henry Kuusela, who somewhat later sold it to Olga Heiskari. In 1905, Lauri Westerinen opened a store which he sold to Victor Taipale in 1914. Tyyne Kananen opened a store in 1909. Soft drinks were represented by Nick Miettunen, 1906, Alex Karvonen, 1907, Ed. Ahonen, 1909, and Matt Jasko and Emil Johnson, also in 1909. The first Finnish boarding house was opened in 1901 by Matt Boriin, and after him came many more, in the following order: Lizzie Korpi, Peter Heiskanen, K. Lake, J. Johnson, Charles Manner and A. Nisula, while Arvid and Emil Lahti had a hotel. Saloonkeepers were Isac Aho, John Robertson and John Turja. Ade Hepola and A. Hulme sold feed and grains. The local cooperative, the Workers and Farmers Cooperative Association, was established in 1927, and that same year it joined the Cooperative Central.

The business activities of Chisholm Finns were extremely varied. Ade and Peter Hepola kept a hardware store which they

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