printer; and J. E. Saari, with extensive business experience, of whom previous mention was in connection with the Minnesota Legislature. These three decided to start a Finnish newspaper in Astoria and did succeed in beginning publication of the Lännetär, doing their typesetting and printing at a printing firm where a German and a Swedish newspaper were also being put to press. However, financial problems plagued the paper, and when an alternate location was sought, Superior, Wisconsin seemed to offer the most promise, and so the paper was transferred there in 1893, when Antero Riippa, who had just arrived from Finland, joined the staff. The paper was given a new name, the Siirtolainen (The Immigrant) but it still continued to have financial problems. At about the time when these problems appeared most pressing, G. A. Grönlund, the owner of the New Yorkin Lehti, published in that city, happened to pay a visit to Superior, and in the course of his visit it was decided to combine the two papers, with publication to be made in New York. The Siirtolainen masthead was retained, and Akseli Järnefelt-Rauanheimo became editor-in-chief, with Adolf Riippa leaving the paper. When Rauanheimo returned to Finland in 1896, Esa Eetu Takala became editor. At this time the Siirtolainen was a weekly publication, and with Grönlund's printing firm having gone into bankruptcy, publication was taken over by the Finnish American Publishing Company, which happened to be owned by J. E. Saari.

At the turn of the century land was being sold in Michigan for a proposed new Finnish community, and the old dream of a truly Finnish colony seized the Siirtolainen, too, and took it to Kaleva, Michigan, though this time the move was a harder one, with machinery to be moved along with everything else. An enthusiastic young man, Aaro Jalkanen, joined the staff to work with Antero Riippa to try to make both the paper and the new community a success. However, Jalkanen soon moved to Calumet to join the Päivälehti, and his place was taken by Kaapo Murros. When the latter moved to Calumet, too, Riippa remained alone as responsible editor of the Siirtolainen. There were periods when he had assistant editors - Eenokki Lehtinen, then Evert Määttälä, finally Artturi Pelto. In 1910 the paper was faced with another move, to Duluth, and there it met its fate.

The Päivälehti: The next course to be traced began in Calumet, Michigan, at the turn of the century. It was at this time that the `Copper Island' was at its most flourishing, and a constant stream of Finns poured into the community, to be followed by newspapers to serve them. Papers already on the scene were

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